A 96-well ELISA plate was coated with mouse anti-VP6 antibody (Santa Crus: SC101363) in carbonate buffer (pH 9.6) overnight at 4C. effects on overall growth resulting from the diarrhea were all significantly reduced. == Conclusions == These results suggest that this recombinant VP6ferritin nanoparticle vaccine can efficiently prevent the death and malnutrition induced from the rotavirus illness in babies and is a encouraging candidate vaccine for rotavirus. == Electronic supplementary material == The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-019-0446-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Keywords:Rotavirus, VP6, Vaccine, Ferritin, Nanoparticle, Milk == Background == Acute gastroenteritis is definitely second only to acute respiratory disease like a cause of severe diarrheal disease and death in babies and young children worldwide and rotavirus is the leading etiologic agent. Vaccination is recognized as the most effective way to prevent the rotavirus illness, and WHO recommends that rotavirus vaccines should be included in all national immunization programs, particularly in countries with high rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) connected fatality rates [1]. Since 2006, two attenuated rotavirus vaccines (RotaTeq and Rotarix) have been licensed in > 100 countries worldwide [2,3], and helped to protect millions of babies from rotavirus illness. These live-attenuated vaccines have a strong protecting effect, but they are known to lead to side-effect like vaccine-derived illness, intussusceptions, and low fever, and a small number of individuals may face the risk of spontaneous reversion to virulence [46]. Non-live vaccines including subunit vaccines are now understood as powerful alternatives and the highly conserved rotavirus inner capsid protein 6 (VP6) has been discussed as an efficient candidate vaccine [79]. As the middle layer protein of rotavirus, VP6 is the main component of viral structure protein, and content material for 51% of the total viral protein [10]. Even though protecting mechanisms of VP6 have not been completely clarified, it can induce heterotypic cross-protective rotavirus immunity reactions and confer safety against rotavirus in animal models [1113]. Subunit vaccines reduce the risk of side effects such as spontaneous reversions of attenuated vaccines and denaturing of antigenic peptides with inactivated vaccines [14], while the problem is definitely that subunit vaccines in general are not as immunostimulatory as the whole organism vaccines [15], and usually require cholera toxin (CT), CpG or heat-labile enterotoxin IDO/TDO-IN-1 (LT) as the adjuvants. It is exciting that the use of nanotechnology made Nano-vaccines to be effective antigen delivery systems [5] and the highly symmetric and self-assembling ferritin nanocage offers presented a good target for vaccine development. There has been successful software which fused Nano-cages created by theHelicobacter pyloriferritin IDO/TDO-IN-1 protein with peptides derived from HIV-1 proteins (the Tat peptide) and influenza disease proteins (haemagglutinin) to develop vaccines that efficiently elicit potent humoral reactions and induce the production of broadly neutralizing antibodies against these pathogens [16,17]. As rotavirus primarily infects the babies, appropriate dose forms and methods of inoculation should be considered. Breast milk provides an ideal source of nutrition for babies and promotes quick growth and the development of gut function [18,19]. Bovine milk has been used as the main supplementary food for babies and attempts have been made to add human being proteins, such as -lactalbumin [20], lactoferrin [21,22], and lysozyme [23] in milk by generating genetically modifying dairy cows to promote the nutritional content material. While the most important difference between milk and breast milk lies in the rich immunoglobulins in breast IDO/TDO-IN-1 milk provide immunological safety to the babies and young children against multiple pathogenic microorganisms [24,25]. It is worth noting the immunoglobulin cannot be added directly into milk as the serum-derived antibodies often fail to prevent pathogens from infecting the intestinal mucosa. One remedy may be that we can communicate the antigenic proteins, such as subunit vaccines, in the milk to induce the body to produce autoimmunity and secretes antibodies to prevent the illness. It is right now well-established that mammary glands can be used to transgenically create pharmaceutical proteins [26]. Advantages of using transgenic animals to produce recombinant proteins include large production yields at a relatively low cost, as well as high qualityrecombinant proteins produced in animals often undergo complex post-translational processing to the native biological activity [26,27]. Milk-based pharmaceutical production is already underway: the FDA-approved and commercially available clotting disorder biologic drug SBF ATryn is derived from the milk of goats, and the hereditary angioedema drug Ruconest is produced in the milk of transgenic rabbits [28]. Therefore, provided that a recombinant vaccine did not require considerable post-production purification or chemical processing methods prior to administration, milk-based production appears as an.